HYDROELECTRIC PLANT

In a hydroelectric power plant, water, flowing from a higher level to a lower level, travels through the

metal blades of a water turbine, causing the rotor of the electrical generator to spin and produce

electricity.

In a fossil-fueled power plant, heat, from the burning of coal, oil, or natural gas, converts (boils) water

into steam (A), which is piped to the turbine (B). In the turbine, the steam passes through the blades,

which spins the electrical generator (C), resulting in a flow of electricity. After leaving the turbine, the

steam is converted (condensed) back into water in the condenser (D). The water is then pumped (E)

back to the boiler (F) to be reheated and converted back into steam.

Comments

REACTOR FUEL ASSEMBLIES

Both boiling water reactor and pressurized water reactor fuel assemblies consist of the same major components. These major components are the fuel rods, the spacer grids, and the upper and lower end fittings. The fuel assembly drawing on page 1-11 shows these major components (pressurized water reactor fuel assembly). The fuel rods contain the ceramic fuel pellets. The fuel rods are approximately 12 feet long and contain a space at the top for the collection of any gases that are produced by the fission process. These rods are arranged in a square matrix ranging from 17 x 17 for pressurized water reactors to 8 x 8 for boiling water reactors. The spacer grids separate the individual rods with pieces of sprung metal. This provides the rigidity of the assemblies and allows the coolant to flow freely up through the assemblies and around the fuel rods. Some spacer grids may have flow mixing vanes that are used to promote mixing of the coolant as it flows around and though t

Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)

US interest in water-cooling of reactors stemmed from the Hanford reactors and was furthered by the submarine PWRs. It was known that water allowed to boil is more effective in removing heat, but boiling was thought likely to trigger instabilities in a reactor core. The water in such a core serves also as moderator; if a steam bubble forms, the local effect on reactivity is swift and its consequences difficult to predict. But experiments in the mid-1950s demonstrated that water could indeed be allowed to boil in a reactor core. Accordingly, a new design of reactor was developed, which is by far the simplest in concept of all power reactors: the boiling water reactor, or BWR. BWRs and PWRs are often mentioned in the same breath, as 'light water reactors' or LWRs. In a BWR the water serves as moderator, reflector and coolant - and in addition, when boiled, produces steam which is ducted directly to drive a turbo-generator. Once through the turbines, the coolant water

Light Water Reactors

Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) Like the first British power reactors, which were built to produce weapons-plutonium, the first US power reactors also began under military auspices, albeit specifically as power plants. The US Navy realized after the Second World War that a submarine powered by nuclear fuel would not need to resurface to replenish oxygen supply, since the 'burning' of nuclear fuel - unlike that of oil - does not require oxygen. Spurred by this idea, and constrained by the space limitations in a submarine, US designers developed a reactor using a core of relatively high power density, with fuel elements immersed in a tank of ordinary water - called 'light water' to distinguish it from heavy water - under sufficient pressure to keep it from boiling. The 'first power reactor ever built', according to its builders, went critical on 30 March 1953 in a land-based mock-up of a submarine hull at the National Reactor Testing Station in I

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