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REACTOR FUEL ASSEMBLIES

Both boiling water reactor and pressurized water reactor fuel assemblies consist of the same major components.  These major components are the fuel rods, the spacer grids, and the upper and lower end fittings.  The fuel assembly drawing on page 1-11 shows these major components (pressurized water reactor fuel assembly). The fuel rods contain the ceramic fuel pellets.  The fuel rods are approximately 12 feet long and contain a space at the top for the collection of any gases that are produced by the fission process.  These rods are arranged in a square matrix ranging from 17 x 17 for pressurized water reactors to 8 x 8 for boiling water reactors. The spacer grids separate the individual rods with pieces of sprung metal.  This provides the rigidity of the assemblies and allows the coolant to flow freely up through the assemblies and around the fuel rods. Some spacer grids may have flow mixing vanes that are used to promote mixing of the coolant as it f...
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Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)

US interest in water-cooling of reactors stemmed from the Hanford reactors and was furthered by the submarine PWRs. It was known that water allowed to boil is more effective in removing heat, but boiling was thought likely to trigger instabilities in a reactor core. The water in such a core serves also as moderator; if a steam bubble forms, the local effect on reactivity is swift and its consequences difficult to predict. But experiments in the mid-1950s demonstrated that water could indeed be allowed to boil in a reactor core. Accordingly, a new design of reactor was developed, which is by far the simplest in concept of all power reactors: the boiling water reactor, or BWR. BWRs and PWRs are often mentioned in the same breath, as 'light water reactors' or LWRs. In a BWR the water serves as moderator, reflector and coolant  - and in addition, when boiled, produces steam which is ducted directly to drive a turbo-generator. Once through the turbines, the coolant water...
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Reactor Types

With different fuels, moderators, control systems, cooling arrangements, spatial configurations and so on, possible designs of nuclear reactor number in the hundreds. Early reactor designers had a field day, letting their imaginations run riot; some of their suggestions made colleagues' hair stand on end. Others seemed more feasible: amenable engineering, using manageable materials, controllable, safe, and – ultimately - even economic to build and operate. As we shall see, the main lines of development of such commercial actors sprang from the three partners in the Second World War 'atom-bomb' programme, the 'Manhattan Project'. The. UK in  due course developed gas-cooled, graphite-moderated reactors; the USA developed reactors cooled and moderated by ordinary 'light' water; and Canada developed reactors moderated by heavy water, variously cooled. Both the UK and the USA also began development of reactors using fast neutrons, with liquid metal co...
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